Cancer Disparities
Despite overall declines in cancer incidence and mortality rates in India, certain segments of the population face disproportionate risks of developing or succumbing to specific cancers due to social, environmental, and economic disparities.
These disparities, known as cancer health disparities, encompass variations in:
- Incidence (new cases)
- Prevalence (existing cases)
- Mortality (deaths)
- Survival rates
- Morbidity (health complications)
- Survivorship (quality of life after treatment)
- Financial burden
- Screening rates
- Stage at diagnosis
These disparities persist despite overall advancements in cancer care, impacting groups defined by race/ethnicity, disability, gender identity, geographic location, income, education, age, sexual orientation, national origin, and other factors.
Contributing Factors
Social Determinants of Health
Social determinants of health encompass environmental conditions where individuals live, work, and age, significantly influencing health outcomes. Cancer disparities arise from a complex interplay of social, behavioural, biological, and genetic factors that impact cancer risk and outcomes.
Barriers to Accessing Healthcare
Certain demographic groups face barriers to accessing healthcare, contributing to cancer disparities. Individuals with low incomes, limited health literacy, or residing far from screening facilities — along with those lacking health insurance or transport — are less likely to undergo recommended cancer screenings or receive guideline-based treatments.
Environmental Factors
Communities exposed to poor air or water quality face increased cancer risks. Neighbourhoods lacking access to healthy food or safe spaces for physical activity increase obesity risk and poor dietary habits, further contributing to cancer disparities.
Health Equity
Health equity ensures every individual has the opportunity to achieve their full health potential without facing disadvantages based on social position or other circumstances. Addressing disparities requires systemic change at community, policy, and healthcare levels.